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A type of wear caused by hard particles trapped between moving parts, such as gears.

Founded in 1991, ACEA represents the interests of European car and truck manufacturers. Members include BMW Group, DAF Trucks, Daimler, Fiat, Ford of Europe, General Motors Europe, Jaguar Land Rover, MAN Truck & Bus, Porsche, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Renault, Scania, Toyota Motor Europe, Volkswagen, Volvo Cars, and Volvo Group.

Along with the base oil (quality), additives determine the final quality of a lubricating oil in terms of quantity and quality. An additive is a chemical component that, when mixed with a petroleum product, can improve certain properties or performance and reduce negative properties. Examples include antioxidants, foam inhibitors, Extreme Pressure (EP) additives, viscosity improvers, rust inhibitors, dispersant and detergent additives, as well as various inhibitors, etc.

The total percentage of all additives in an oil.

Causes of excessive foam can be: Contamination from a preservative oil (with a new machine) Water contamination (with lubricating oil) Solid contamination Mixing with another type of oil Mixing with a lubricating grease Mechanical cause (think of sucking in the wrong air or a reservoir that is too small) Extreme filtration (electrostatic separation techniques) Excessive amount of anti-foam additive Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)

Resistance of gasoline to detonation in a combustion chamber.

An additive added to a lubricant that adheres to the metal surface to prevent direct metal-to-metal contact. It reduces friction and thus prevents wear. Quality differences exist in terms of the type (how effective it is) and the quantity of the additive in a lubricant.

An additive in lubricants that significantly slows down the chemical breakdown of the base oil and prevents other components from reacting with oxygen.

API (American Petroleum Escavate Institute) classifies oils [] type and quality-strength of an oilway or oil product 'nd its recommendation for use that's so important about the \[i.l high \\le first letters\\\" is already in the title\\\" box\] lubricant oil and adjectives that can be awarded by all.

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A mineral oil to which vegetable oil, animal oil or another chemical substance has been added to impart specific properties.

Pay attention to blue or black smoke from the exhaust of your diesel engine. This can be as concerning as white smoke. Blue smoke is more serious. It is rarely a temporary defect but rather a serious engine damage. It occurs when combustion in the engine is accompanied by oil burning. The cause is a poor function of the piston ring (worn rings), worn intake valve guides, or other reasons causing a high oil content in the combustion chamber. Blue smoke usually means that the engine has serious problems. Avoid severe engine damage when blue smoke is detected.

A lubrication regime where the lubricant's film is too thin. In this case the load is partially carried by direct contact between (larger) surfaces and partially carried by a very thin lubricant film. It is also often referred to as incomplete lubrication or non-viscous lubrication.

The ability of an oil to maintain its original ASTM pour point when repeatedly exposed to wintry conditions.

An adjustment of the cetane number based on the API density and the mean boiling point of a fuel.

Cold Filter Plugging Point.

Lowest safe temperature at which a lubricant can be used.

The phenomenon observed in gear lubricants and greases, thickening in cold weather or other causes, creating a groove in the lubricant. This groove is formed by the part to be lubricated, so there is no or incomplete contact between the lubricant and the moving parts.

The ability of a substance to resist chemical breakdown. During a combustion process in an internal combustion engine, for example, acidic components are produced, and these components also come into contact with the engine oil. Chemical stability is one of the many requirements for an engine oil. Quality differences in engine oil include, among other things, how long and how effectively these components are neutralized.

A test for determining the open flame and flash point of all petroleum products except fuels and products with an open flash point below 79°C. See also Flash Point and Fire Point.

The temperature at which paraffin crystals (wax) or other solid substances begin to crystallize or settle out of solution when cooled under prescribed conditions (ASTM D 97 method). The result is a cloudy appearance of the oil. This phenomenon is also known as clouding.

The ability of a substance to resist chemical degradation. During a combustion process in an internal combustion engine, for example, acidic components are produced and these components also come into contact with the engine oil. Chemical stability is therefore one of the many requirements placed on engine oil. Differences in the quality of engine oil include how long and how effectively these components are neutralised.

A substance or additive used to enhance the lubricity of a fuel. The term lubricity refers to the reduction of friction and wear between surfaces in relative motion.

A substance or additive used to improve the solubility of a fuel or oil.

Color does not indicate the quality of lubricants. However it is a factor in changes such as cloudiness or rapid strong color changes. Conclusive conclusions can never be drawn solely based on color. Sometimes color is added to a lubricant to detect leaks. Sometimes color is added to a lubricating grease for better dosing.

A test for determining the special firing test engine rating of oils and certain fuels.

The space between the part of the cylinder located near the top dead center and the cylinder head.

The way in which a substance burns, including ignition, flame spread, and extinction.

Combustion residues are measured on lubricating oils (such as engine introduced oils unable, to a fuel additive)

A test for determining the engine rating of oils and certain fuels.

The measure by which the volume of a (liquid) substance/lubricating grease decreases when pressure is applied. This is of course a very important factor in hydraulic oils as very high pressures must not lead to inaccuracies. For greases a lubricating grease may be unsuitable for central lubrication systems as it is difficult to pump.

Pure oil applied to a cutting and grinding tool to aid in cutting and grinding by lubrication cooling or chip removal. Incidentally cutting oil is mistakenly understood as cutting fluid emulsions.

The separation of an emulsion, the mixture of mixed liquids is no longer stable.

The mass of a unit volume of a substance. The numerical value varies with the units used. The base oil polyglycol is heavier than water; the others are lighter. A good way to distinguish polyglycol from other oils. Very useful, see polyglycol.

The property of a lubricating oil to prevent (or reduce) deposits. Deposits occur at high temperatures between oil and acidic impurities. Detergency can keep water particles in suspension along with dirt. Thus, a system does not need to be emptied, as no water accumulates with all harmful consequences. Consider, for example, corrosion formation, cavitation, dirt deposits in components. Want to learn more? Then contact the specialists at OlieOnline."

The active substance that promotes the detergent effect of an oil.

The ability of an insulating fluid to withstand electrical voltage without breakdown. Liquids with high dielectric strength (usually expressed in volts or kilovolts) are good electrical insulators.

A synthetic lubricating oil made from esters; also known as ester oil.

German Industry Standard.

An additive in some formulations that holds insoluble impurities in suspension and prevents filters from clogging.

An additive that keeps fine particles of insoluble materials in a homogeneous solution. This prevents particles from clumping and settling or blocking filters, with all the resulting disadvantages.

The lowest temperature at which a lubricating grease can sufficiently release oil to lubricate.

Solid material between two moving surfaces that prevents metal-to-metal contact. Such materials are particularly useful in the region of boundary lubrication and for lubrication under special conditions of extremely high or low temperatures where conventional lubricants are inadequate. Some examples include graphite, molybdenum disulfide, boron nitride and certain plastics like polyfluoroethylene resins (PTFE is often referred to as Teflon which is a brand of Dupont).

A lubrication system used in some transmissions where the lubricant is distributed and supplied to specific locations in the gearbox in a flow of dry compressed air.

An oil- or grease-like material used on metals as a temporary protective layer against rust, corrosion etc

The force required to allow one body to slide over another body when it is already in motion.

Viscosity is the resistance that the lubricant offers to deformation by shear. Dynamic viscosity is often denoted as _ and has the unit Pa.s. In practice mPa.s is often used formerly known as cP (centipoise). Dynamic viscosity can be used in calculations such as calculating the lubricant film thickness in a specific application. In most (quite complex) formulas for calculating lubricant film thickness it turns out that the film thickness is approximately proportional to _^0.7.

Lubrication that occurs when the parts are completely separated from each other by a lubricating film.

The ability of non-water-soluble liquids to mix with water to form an emulsion. An emulsion is a uniform distribution of one liquid in another liquid.

An additive that helps emulsify two liquids and allows the stability of the emulsion.

A mechanical mixture of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Water-in-oil emulsions have water as the internal phase and oil as the external. Oil-in-water emulsions have water as the external phase and oil as the internal.

Energy-efficient lubricants have the thinnest possible (hydrodynamic) lubricating film that still provides adequate protection. In addition to the lubricating film energy-reducing additives play a significant role in reducing internal resistance.

A chemical compound formed by the reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid.

A chemical compound aimed at reducing wear under high contact pressure. EP additives form a protective chemical film on the surface they encounter. If there is still direct contact between the metal surfaces they can "weld" together due to the high pressure. EP additives also weaken the formed welds reducing wear.

An animal or vegetable oil that solidifies in conjunction with an alkaline substance to form soap.

An organic acid of aliphatic structure that originally comes from fats and oils.

Any solid substance like talc mica or various powders etc. added to a grease to increase weight or cohesion.

The ability of a lubricating film to maintain a continuous film and provide resistance to load speed temperature and impact load.

The ability of a liquid to pass freely through a filter without causing blockages.

The flash point of an oil is the temperature at which it must be heated to produce a sufficient amount of vapor momentarily forming a combustible mixture and igniting. All is done under defined conditions.

Trapped air directly below the surface in a lubricant. Foam formation has adverse effects such as: limits heat transfer with air, promotes oxidation of oil, can cause flooding, can cause sensors to transmit wrong signals, can weaken the lubrication film (if air is trapped in the lubrication film), pump wear will occur when air is drawn in (cavitation) hydraulic systems will not respond accurately etc. etc.

An oil used in the metal forming process to achieve the desired shape using forming tools. In this application it is crucial for the oil to stay in place and not wear off.

A process of mechanical wear associated with a chemical reaction. This can occur at the common boundary of charged contact surfaces with slight oscillating relative motion.

The opposing force that arises when two surfaces slide past each other while being pressed against each other. Friction can lead to shape changes and heat generation.

A German gearbox test for evaluating EP (extreme pressure) properties.

A low-taxed distillate, medium in nature between kerosene and light lubricating oil. It is used as heating oil and as fuel for stationary diesel engines.

A lubricant specifically designed for gears and gearboxes. Gear lubricants reduce friction dissipate heat and protect gears from wear and corrosion.

A detergent designed to clean glassware stringently without leaving any residues.

A soft form of elemental carbon, gray to black. Occurs naturally or synthesized from coal or other carbon sources; widely used as a solid lubricant alone or added to conventional lubricants.

A grease is easiest to imagine as a sponge that retains lubricating oil and allows oil to flow when mechanically loaded. More formally it is a solid viscous fluid product consisting of the dispersion of a thickening agent (also called a grease skeleton) in a liquid lubricating oil. Other ingredients (additives) for specific properties may be part of the formulation.

The ability of a substance to be reduced to small particles by crushing or grinding.

Occurs when carbon-containing or hardened steel is locally exposed to overheating followed by rapid cooling. This can occur for example through excessive grinding (e.g. long dressing interval combined with insufficient cooling). Due to the intense heat generated the surface temperature can rise above the tempering temperature (OMT) used during hardening. This has two effects on the gear. First local hardness decreases negatively impacting load-carrying capacity. Additionally material stresses also change. Moreover there is a possibility that the high peak temperature locally triggers spontaneous hardening (UMT). This is an "uncontrolled" hardening process.

Mainly iso-paraffinic structure made from natural gas.

High Viscosity Index meaning a viscosity index between about 85 and about 115.

An oil specifically designed for use as the transmission fluid in hydraulically operated equipment.

A compound consisting exclusively of hydrogen and carbon. The simplest hydrocarbons are gases at normal temperatures becoming liquid with increasing molecular weight (chain length) and eventually solid. They form the main components of petroleum.

In this lubrication regime, the relative motion of the sliding surfaces results in the formation of a lubricating film with sufficient strength to separate the surfaces. This lubrication regime provides the best lubricating conditions when the two moving surfaces are completely separated by a relatively thick film of the lubricant.

The ability to resist the presence of water. This is not self-evident because The presence of water can lead to many problems just think of some additives dissolve better in water than in oil certain synthetic lubricants can easily chemically decompose when water is present corrosion can cause problems throughout the system

A lubrication system where the lubricant is supplied to the bearing surface by a pump under pressure.

Cracked hydrocarbon streams can be saturated and stabilized by converting alkenes into alkanes. The unsaturated structure is effectively saturated preventing other particles from binding to it (aging). This process upgrades paraffins and lubricating oils in terms of color oxidation stability and lower sulfur content. Hydrogen is introduced during the process at the appropriate temperature and pressure using a catalyst.

Any substance that slows down or prevents a chemical reaction.

An oil used in transformers switches transformers and other electrical devices for insulation and/or cooling and/or preservation. Generally they are well-refined petroleum products low-volatility distillates with high resistance to oxidation and deposit formation.

The energy per unit area at the boundary between two immiscible liquids. It is generally measured as force per unit length needed to pull a thin wire or ring through the interface.

Microscopic highs and lows on metallic surfaces directly related to surface roughness (and normal finishes of machining processes).

A product obtained from petroleum with a boiling range between the estimated limits of 140 °C and 270 °C meeting certain quality requirements. Kerosene ignites less easily than diesel.v

A definition of viscosity commonly used by manufacturers of industrial lubricants. It corresponds to the dynamic viscosity of a fluid divided by its density. The standard unit of kinematic viscosity is the Stoke expressed in mm²/s (formerly: cSt or CentiStokes). See also absolute viscosity dynamic viscosity and viscosity.

The oil present on the surface of a metalworking fluid. This oil comes from the lubrication systems of the machine e.g. leaking couplings sweating pipes excessive lubrication etc. Leak oil is a major source of emulsion aging as it provides a breeding ground for bacteria.

Similar to autogas (LPG) but composed of lighter hydrocarbons such as methane and ethane (shorter chain length).

Commercially liquefied gas consisting mainly of propane butane or mixtures thereof. Light hydrocarbon gaseous at atmospheric temperature and pressure kept in liquid state under pressure for ease of storage transport and processing.

A product made from a lubricating oil thickened with lithium soap. Lithium soaps are resistant to both heat and moisture.

Low viscosity index a viscosity index of less than about 30. Low viscosity index usually under 40 VI units.

Any substance between two surfaces in relative motion for the purpose of reducing friction between them. Or more simply put any substance placed between two surfaces in relative motion to facilitate their interaction. Differences in quality manifest in optimal protection even in the long term. Additionally cleanliness plays a crucial role distinguishing the various qualities from each other. The lubricants selected by Shell are among the top on the market.

Any process where friction between two moving surfaces is reduced.

A metalworking fluid with a high oil content (40% to even 80%). As sold it consists only of oil emulsifiers oil-soluble lubricants corrosion inhibitors etc. When the concentrate is mixed with water an emulsion with a milky appearance is formed. it consists only of oil emulsifiers oil-soluble lubricants corrosion inhibitors etc. When the concentrate is mixed with water an emulsion with a milky appearance is formed.

This base oil is made from natural gas. Therefore it has special deviating properties from other base oils. It is free from sulfur and free from inorganic compounds. Although it resembles a paraffinic structure it does not clump into wax. This base oil has special resistance to oxidation and thermal stress.

Resistance to breakage. In greases think of the soap skeleton under the influence of mechanical stress. In lubricating oil think of long carbon chains in highly viscous liquids and VI improvers.

An emulsion of oil in water with very small particle sizes making the emulsion appear transparent to translucent.

The same as pitting but with even smaller particles.

Military specification published by the US Department of Defense concerns quality requirements of products used by military organizations.

Oil from a mineral source such as petroleum as opposed to oil from plants animals and synthetically produced oil. There are many types of base oils but the basic groups consist of paraffinic naphthenic and aromatic base oils. as opposed to oil from plants animals and synthetically produced oil. There are many types of base oils but the basic groups consist of paraffinic naphthenic and aromatic base oils.

A grease produced by the co-crystallization of two or more metal soaps, mostly lithium and calcium.

The lubrication regime in which the moving surfaces are separated by a continuous lubricating film with a thickness similar to the roughness of the surface.

A chemical compound of molybdenum and sulfur used as a solid lubricant. The molecular structure of the particles consists of flakes/discs allowing pressure to be well distributed over the surface.

An oil with a viscosity that meets only the requirements of one grade of the SAE classification system.

Material Safety Data Sheet also referred to as safety data sheets.

Engine oil that meets the requirements of multiple classifications on an SAE viscosity scale and is therefore suitable for use over a wider temperature range. A common misconception about motor oil quality is that this value alone does not say much about the quality of motor oil. It only says something about its use at temperatures but nothing about the period over which this temperature range is achieved and about all other important properties of motor oil such as cleaning ability wear resistance corrosion resistance soot absorption capacity corrosion resistance soot absorption capacity foam behavior the effect of motor oil on the effectiveness of catalytic converters resistance to bore polishing possible resistance to varnish formation etc.

A grease that is suitable for a variety of applications such as chassis wheel bearings universal joints and water pumps on vehicle parts usually lithium-based.

Medium Viscosity Index a viscosity index between about 40 and about 85.

A group of cyclic hydrocarbons also called cyclo-paraffins or cyclo-alkanes whose molecules contain at least one closed ring of carbon atoms. Polycyclic members are also found in the higher boiling fractions. The general formula for naphthene is CnH2n.

Crude base oil with a high proportion of cyclo-hydrocarbon molecules (ring) and an irregular chain structure. A characterization of certain petroleum products made from naphthenic crude oil. This oil remains easily liquid at lower temperatures.

A term still used in the petroleum industry but quickly becoming outdated in the lubrication field. See also Total Acid Number and Total Base Number.

This is the stiffness of a grease expressed in 000 to 6. For most greases the scale ends at NLGI 3 class. Lower classes are often used in centralized systems.

An abbreviation for "National Lubricating Grease Institute." A technical organization serving the grease industry.

A term in numerical representation of the relative knocking value of a gasoline. The octane number of a gasoline depends on the hydrocarbon composition and is improved by adding anti-knock compounds.

Occurs in greases the separation of base oil and thickener.

A substance added in small amounts to a lubricating oil to enhance oxidation resistance and thus prolong the oil's life also referred to as an antioxidant.

The resistance of a petroleum product to oxidation. Available tests simulate accelerated aging.

Polyglycol. A highly lubricating synthetic base oil that is heavier than water and absolutely non-miscible with other oil types! Polyglycols can attack paint and seals if not matched.

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

Phenyl-Alpha-Naphthylamine a commonly used antioxidant.

Poly-Alpha-Olefin. A synthetic base oil commonly used in motor oils and gear oils.

An alternative term for alkanes.

Saturated hydrocarbons with an open chain structure with a high proportion of unbranched aliphatic hydrocarbon molecules. A characterization of certain products made from paraffinic crude oils. At low temperatures the molecules can clump together into a solid wax substance. Lubricating oil made from this crude oil is typically distinguished by higher API density and a higher viscosity index from other crude oils. Paraffinic base oil is the most commonly used oil in industrial lubricants.

Hydrocarbons of solid consistency with a relatively pronounced crystalline structure obtained from certain petroleum distillates. Refined paraffin has a very low oil content is white with a certain transparency almost odorless and tasteless and feels slightly greasy.

Polycyclic Aromatics.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls.

A measure of the hardness and consistency of lubricating greases in tenths of a millimeter. A weighted special needle or cone penetrates the sample in 5 seconds. The temperature is unless otherwise specified 25°C. The softer the grease the lower the penetration number. This number is also referred to as NLGI class.

The device for determining the closed flash point of heating oil lubricating oil and other petroleum products.

A jelly-like product derived from petroleum with a microcrystalline structure. Frequently used in rust preventatives.

A form of wear in Dutch referred to as plowing damage. It leaves a damage pattern on the surface of (peak) imprints of the contact area.

Polyglycol is a high-quality synthetic base oil with exceptionally high stability and lubricity. This base oil is commonly used in worm gears gears bearings and compressor lubrication where conditions require the unique properties of these fluids. They provide excellent wear protection thermal and oxidation stability leading to less sludge and deposits. gears bearings and compressor lubrication where conditions require the unique properties of these fluids. They provide excellent wear protection thermal and oxidation stability leading to less sludge and deposits.

A chemical compound of large molecular size consisting of numerous smaller molecules bonded together.

An additive that lowers the pour point of petroleum products by reducing the formation and solidification of wax.

The highest temperature at which a flaky accumulation of wax crystals is released when a Freon solution cools an oil under prescribed conditions.

A lubrication system where the lubricant is pumped through pipes and channels to lubricate surfaces.

Process oils are not used as lubricants but as chemical components in the manufacture of rubber plastic and other polymeric materials.

The ability of a grease to be pumped through pipes under pressure. Often pipes in grease dosing systems are incorrectly sized, causing the thickener to accumulate in bends or other obstacles.

To ensure the usability of a hydraulic drive optimal conditioning of the fluid is a basic requirement. Factors such as the degree of purity (or number of solid contaminants), water and air content, additive package, temperature and contamination by microorganisms are important in this regard. This requires the correct selection of tools needed for conditioning such as filters coolers,heaters, dryers and sometimes biocides. This not only increases the reliability and safety of the drive but also significantly extends the life of the components (system) and hydraulic fluid.

An additive included in lubricants to limit the formation of rust on lubricated surfaces.

The Society of Automotive Engineers has created a classification for motor transmission and differential oils based on their viscosity.

Society of Automotive Engineers an organization for the automotive industry.

A system developed by the Society of Automotive Engineers to classify motor and automatic transmission lubricants based on their viscosity.

The chemical conversion of a fatty acid and a base or alkali into soap. An essential process in fat production.

The time in seconds it takes for 60 cubic centimeters of fluid to flow through the orifice of a Saybolt Furol viscometer at a specific temperature and under specific conditions. The opening of the Furol viscometer is larger than that of the universal viscometer used for more viscous fluids.

The time in seconds it takes for 60 cubic centimeters of fluid to flow through the orifice of the Standard Saybolt Universal viscometer at a specific temperature and under specific conditions.

A form of wear referred to as plowing damage in Dutch. It leaves a damage pattern on the surface of (peak) imprints of the contact area.

A zinc chlorine and lead component of the extreme pressure additive package that was previously used in automotive transmission lubricants. It has been largely replaced by sulfur/phosphorus materials.

Often occurs in gear lubrication a form of wear that occurs when direct metal-on-metal contact between teeth takes place. Referred to as abrasive wear in Dutch.

A metalworking fluid with a moderate to low content of mineral oil usually 5% to 30%. Emulsions generally form a finely dispersed microemulsion.

A complex synthetic polymer consisting of repeated silicon (instead of carbon) often used when a chemically inert lubricant is needed.

A compound formed by the reaction between a metal hydroxide (such as lime) and a fatty acid (an organic acid derived from natural fats) e.g. lithium calcium soap in grease. Ordinary soaps consist of sodium and potassium. Soaps of lithium calcium sodium and aluminum are the main binders used in grease production. e.g. lithium calcium soap in grease. Ordinary soaps consist of sodium and potassium. Soaps of lithium calcium sodium and aluminum are the main binders used in grease production.

(Soda Grease). A grease made from lubricating oil and thickened with sodium soap. Sodium thickeners are stable at high temperatures but can be easily washed out under wet conditions.

Any solid form of lubricant to reduce friction and wear. Shear forces are reduced by the crystal structure of a solid lubricant. Examples include graphite, molybdenum disulfide and certain soaps. Grease is not a solid lubricant but may contain solid lubricants as additives.

An oil with low viscosity used for lubricating high-speed spindles as found in metalworking machines and light high-speed machines.

The ability of a lubricant to resist natural degradation against reactions think of influences from UV radiation heat exposure or oxygen exposure.

An additive that can be part of grease formulations to ensure that the base oil and thickener maintain a stable and uniform composition.

Friction between two surfaces that are not yet in relative motion but have the tendency to slide over each other. The value of static friction is set at the moment when relative motion begins.

A jerky movement where a movable part of a machine tends to stick until static friction reaches a maximum and then slides briefly when static friction is overcome. This process repeats rapidly. As a result there can be significant wear since the lubricating film is inadequate each time.

An additive that can be introduced into the formulation of lubricants for slideways and open gears. The lubricant thereby gains improved sliding properties.

A descriptive term applied to greases and oils to describe those that are particularly sticky or cohesive. An important property for many lubricating greases especially in the presence of water.

An oil in which elemental sulfur is present. Used in applications where reactive sulfur is desired to achieve extreme pressure properties such as in gear oils and cutting oils.

This combined function is somewhat outdated since the specific requirements for engine oil are far removed from the requirements for gears and hydraulics. Therefore since 1994 engine oil has been specified separately. The gear and hydraulic systems are still universally classified in so-called UTTO lubricants (still relevant).

A metalworking fluid that does not contain mineral oil. The additives are completely soluble in water.

Oil molecule produced by the reaction of an organic acid with an organic alcohol. Possesses specific lubricating properties.

Oil molecule produced by the reaction of paraffinic materials.

See non-soap thickeners.

Artificially produced instead of occurring naturally.

See Cleveland Open Cup Tester.

The lowest temperature of a liquid at which sufficient vapor is generated to form a flammable mixture with air that, when ignited by a flame momentarily catches fire.

One of the two lubricant testing methods - the Four-Ball Load Method and the Four-Ball Extreme Pressure Method. The test methods evaluate the wear resistance of lubricants under various test conditions. One method tests the maximum load and the other tests the amount of wear at a defined load.

The ratio of the frictional force between two bodies to the perpendicular force or load between them. Alternatively, the coefficient of friction is a number that indicates the degree of friction between two surfaces. Experimentally, it has been shown that in a large range, the friction force is proportional to the normal force, the force by which the surfaces are pressed against each other. The coefficient of friction is the proportionality factor. A distinction is made between static coefficient of friction and dynamic coefficient of friction. The static coefficient of friction is the ratio between the maximum occurring friction force before the surfaces move relative to each other and the normal force. The dynamic coefficient of friction is the ratio between the frictional force and the normal force when the surfaces move relative to each other. if there is no mutual movement and if there is. Where:  the frictional force the static coefficient of friction the force perpendicular to the surface (the normal force); The dynamic coefficient of friction.

The ISO Viscosity Class System is a classification of industrial lubricants according to viscosity class approved by the International Organization for Standardization. Each ISO viscosity class corresponds to the midpoint of a viscosity range expressed in mm2/s at 40 degrees Celsius.

Scuffing particles are large twisted and discolored.

Oils that do not contain substances or additives.

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An index usually between 0 and 200, which is a measure of the change in viscosity a fluid relative to the temperature change. The higher the viscosity index, the smaller the change in viscosity relative to the temperature change. Low viscosity index (LVI) oils rapidly decrease in viscosity ('thickness') as the temperature increases. These oils have VIs in e range of 0 to 30. Medium viscosity index (MVI) oils reduce in viscosity less than LVI oils as the temperature rises. They have VIs in the range of 30 to 85. High viscosity index (HVI) oils have VIs from 85 to 110, and have the best temperature viscosity coefficients compared to conventional base oils. Modern refining techniques such as selective hydro-cracking (XHVI) and other syntheses, can generate base oils with natural VIs above 140.

A lubricant made from materials not naturally present in crude oil but produced through a chemical process.

The ability of a solid or liquid to transfer heat.

The ability of a substance to resist degradation under the influence of heat.

Synonymous with hydrodynamic lubrication.

Synonymous with mixed lubrication.

A thickening agent that can be dispersed both thermally and mechanically in liquid lubricants to form a grease. Such thickeners can be made from clay silica gel carbon black or specially treated or synthetic materials (synthetic thickener). Other types are referred to as inorganic binders.

A substance used in the production of greases and mixed with a base oil to produce a stable semi-solid product.

The ability of a grease or some gels to lose cohesion under mechanical load. The special thing is that it returns to its original cohesion when the load is removed.

The maximum load that a lubricant can withstand without failure of the oil film as occurs in the Timken EP lubricant tester.

Test for the oxidation resistance of turbine oil.

The ability of a substance to cause harm to living organisms.

Base oils suitable for lubricants for turbine applications treated with hydro-treating. These base oils exhibit improved oxidation stability compared to normal base oils.

A lubricant for agricultural machinery that is capable of performing the functions of both a gear oil and hydraulic oil simultaneously.

A hard shiny transparent coating commonly found in engines. Varnish deposits result from the oxidation and polymerization of fuels and lubricants at high temperatures. Similar but harder than normal varnish. Not every motor oil has good resistance to varnish deposits. transparent coating commonly found in engines. Varnish deposits result from the oxidation and polymerization of fuels and lubricants at high temperatures. Similar but harder than normal varnish. Not every motor oil has good resistance to varnish deposits. Varnish is a thin orange to brown and sometimes black deposit layer that has formed in an oil system. This deposit consists of macromolecules (long carbon chains) and aging products that can no longer remain in oil distribution (dispersion). This deposit is not easily removed by cleaning but is much more stubborn. The cause of varnish is usually oxidized and/or thermally overloaded lubricating oil.

The tendency of an oil to evaporate when heated.

A classification that characterizes lubricants according to viscosity for specific applications such as industrial oils gearbox oils motor oils differential oils and aircraft piston engine oils.

A lubricant additive (usually a high-molecular-weight polymer) that changes the viscosity of an oil less with temperature changes. These VI improvers are found in many formulations such as multi-grade motor oil certain hydraulic oils gearbox oils etc.

Centipoise, CP: derivative unit of dynamic viscosity (= 1c.P 1MPa s) Centipoise, cSt: derivative unit of kinematic viscosity (1cSt = 1mm2 / s) Engler Degrees, ° E: Empirical unit rather popular in Europe and normally measured at 20, 50 or 100 °C. Redwood No.1 Seconds: Viscosity measured empirically by flow through an office, traditionally in the UK. Normally measured at 70,140 and 200°C. Saybolt Universal: Empirical device still widely used in the US and in refining seconds, SSU or SUS Technology. Normally measured at 100,130 or 210 °C. mm2 / s: Another SI unit for kinematic viscosity

The ability to separate water from an oil. The higher the water separation number, the faster the liquid separates from water. The ability for water separation is a critical factor for maintenance in many circulating lubrication systems. The speed and effectiveness of water separation are also crucial for corrosion protection fluids. Water separation is sometimes expressed in cubic centimeters per hour or as the separation of a liquid from an emulsion under certain conditions.

Is a registered trademark used to describe synthetic base oils manufactured with an exceptionally high viscosity index.

The point at which a grease begins to flow when pressure is applied.

When used in the SAE system for oil classification an indication that the oil is suitable for winter use.

Light-colored mineral oils that are typically highly refined to remove nitrogen and sulfur unsaturated compounds and aromatic materials. They are used in medical and pharmaceutical preparations and serve as a base for creams ointments and pastes. They are also used in lubricants.

Commonly referred to as turpentine. Fractions between gasoline and kerosene with a boiling range of 150 °C to about 200 °C. Often used in paints.